Research Programs
More
What are you looking for?
Showing 9 of 47 Results in Digital Divide
Presentations & Interviews ICLE Director of Law & Economics Programs Gus Hurwitz joined the Technology Policy Institute’s Two Think Minimum podcast on an episode titled “Gus Hurwitz on . . .
ICLE Director of Law & Economics Programs Gus Hurwitz joined the Technology Policy Institute’s Two Think Minimum podcast on an episode titled “Gus Hurwitz on the Rural Digital Divide and Platforms.” The full episode can be played below.
TOTM Ajit Pai has been, in my view, the most successful, impactful minority commissioner in the history of the modern regulatory state. And it is that success that has led him to become the most successful and impactful chairman, too.
Much of this symposium celebrates Ajit’s contributions as chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and his accomplishments and leadership in that role. And rightly so. But Commissioner Pai, not just Chairman Pai, should also be recognized.
Read the full piece here.
TOTM For many, the chairmanship of Ajit Pai is notable for its many headline-grabbing substantive achievements, including the Restoring Internet Freedom order, 5G deployment, and rural . . .
For many, the chairmanship of Ajit Pai is notable for its many headline-grabbing substantive achievements, including the Restoring Internet Freedom order, 5G deployment, and rural buildout—many of which have been or will be discussed in this symposium. But that conversation is incomplete without also acknowledging Pai’s careful attention to the basic blocking and tackling of running a telecom agency. The last four years at the Federal Communications Commission were marked by small but significant improvements in how the commission functions, and few are more important than the chairman’s commitment to transparency.
TOTM The technical and business challenges of connecting rural America are different. Rural America needs different things out of its infrastructure than urban America. And the attitudes of both users and those providing service are different here than they are in urban America. Aji Pai gets this.
I was having a conversation recently with a fellow denizen of rural America, discussing how to create opportunities for academics studying the digital divide to get on-the-ground experience with the realities of rural telecommunications. He recounted a story from a telecom policy event in Washington, D.C., from not long ago. The story featured a couple of well-known participants in federal telecom policy as they were talking about how to close the rural digital divide. The punchline of the story was loud speculation from someone in attendance that neither of these bloviating telecom experts had likely ever set foot in a rural town.
TOTM Ajit Pai will step down from his position as chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) effective Jan. 20. Beginning Jan. 15, Truth on the Market will host a symposium exploring Pai’s tenure, with contributions from a range of scholars and practitioners.
Ajit Pai will step down from his position as chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) effective Jan. 20. Beginning Jan. 15, Truth on the Market will host a symposium exploring Pai’s tenure, with contributions from a range of scholars and practitioners.
Regulatory Comments The central question presented by this docket is: How does the FCC properly incentivize the economically efficient rollout of broadband on existing infrastructure in order to optimize the process to ensure deployment as quickly as possible?
Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this important, though often underappreciated, issue. All parties concerned believe that rural broadband connectivity must remain a top priority for the FCC as it fulfills its mandate to connect all Americans. Finding an equitable and cost-effective way to share the expense associated with pole attachments is part and parcel of that process. The challenge confronting both the FCC and industry alike is how best to realize this goal in a timely and economically sustainable fashion.
The pace of broadband rollout is contingent upon its cost. The more expensive deployment becomes, necessarily, the more difficult it is to realize sustainable profits on that deployment. This dynamic invariably leads to a more selective use of scarce resources to the detriment of rural deployment.
Thus, the central question presented by this docket is: How does the FCC properly incentivize the economically efficient rollout of broadband on existing infrastructure in order to optimize the process to ensure deployment as quickly as possible?
Current estimates suggest that as much as twenty-five percent of the cost of broadband deployment in rural areas comes from attachers dealing with pole replacement and upgrade issues.[1] That’s a massive expense.
As the NCTA noted in its petition, part of the cost of pole replacement arises as a result of pole owners allowing some substantial portion of their pole inventory to remain in use after their useful life has ended.[2] When attachers, like broadband providers, endeavor to add their equipment to those poles, the owners seek to offload the cost of replacing or repairing the poles onto the attachers.[3] In other cases, pole owners make demands for “betterment” of existing poles that are not quite past their useful lifespan before new equipment can be installed.
The net effect of these inequitable practices is the unreasonable enrichment of pole owners, not just at the expense of attachers, but also at the expense of consumers – since broadband providers must necessarily pass along at least some of this cost. This is not a surprise. For example, a review of the pass-through literature published by the United Kingdom’s Office of Fair Trading, reports that 56-70% of increased wholesale price increases are passed through to consumers and 5.0-6.4% of increased commodity prices are passed through to consumers.[4]
And even where the cost is partially internalized by the broadband provider, this cost-shifting from pole owners to attachers forces a tradeoff for attachers which, in the end, results in slower and more expensive rollout. This ultimately results in rural customers receiving speed upgrades more slowly than their suburban and urban counterparts, while facing potentially higher prices when those upgrades happen.[5]
Allowing this situation to go on only encourages pole owners to continue to shift costs and introduce delays, to the detriment of consumers. Both the current administration, as well as the Biden campaign have announced 5G deployment as an important priority.[6] This bipartisan vision can only be realized if broadband is deployed in a cost-effective manner — including by requiring equitable sharing of pole replacement costs.
Continuing to permit pole owners to shift the cost of replacing their property onto broadband providers and other attachers violates both legal and economic logic.
First, Section 224 of the Communications Act requires that the FCC enforce “just and reasonable” terms for pole attachment requirements:
[T]he Commission shall regulate the rates, terms, and conditions for pole attachments to provide that such rates, terms, and conditions are just and reasonable[.][7]
If pole owners are able to shift all improvement costs of their poles onto attachers, pole owners are forcing others to pay to replace their own property—a clear violation of a requirement that pole attachment conditions are “just and reasonable.”
Second, even a rudimentary understanding of economics demonstrates that broadband deployment will become more expensive and slower if pole owners are not required to equitably share in the costs of replacing their own property. A simple and straightforward illustration shows why requiring firms to pay the entire cost of a pole replacement will result in lower replacement rates than a policy in which the costs are equitably distributed.
Consider three hypothetical companies deciding how many polls to install. Each company (A, B, and C), values the marginal benefit of each poll differently. For example, Company A values the first pole at $3,000 while Company B values the first pole at $2,500. Each company faces a diminishing marginal benefit: the first poll is more valuable than the second, and so on.
Assume the cost of installing a pole is $4,000 and poles are a public good, in which case the market “demand” is given by the vertical summation of each company’s marginal benefit schedule.[8] Combined, the companies value the first poll at $7,500. If the first pole were installed, the three companies would have a surplus of $3,500 ($7,500 – $4,000).
But, no single firm values the first poll at $4,000. Thus, in the absence of coordination, no polls would be installed.
However, if the installation cost is split three ways, the cost to each company would be $1,333 per pole. Because each company’s share of the cost is less than its marginal benefit, each company would enjoy a surplus from installing the first poll. So, at least one poll will be installed.
It’s also possible that coordination could allow for the installation of a second poll. If the cost is split evenly across the three firms, Companies A and B would enjoy a surplus, but the cost to Company C would exceed the benefits it would receive. With coordination, some of the benefits to A and B could be used to compensate C sufficiently to entice C to participate.
Moving from the example back into concrete terms, two lessons may be extrapolated. First, that unappreciated pole costs for poles not yet ready for replacement should be shared between pole owners and attachers and, second, that pole owners should be compensated equitably for the cost of replacement of end-of-life inventory, and should not reap a windfall. By connection, new attachers should be responsible for the incremental costs associated with attachment.
Thus, on the complementary bases of the facial legal reasoning of the NCTA petition and straightforward economic judgment, we support the recommendations and conclusions of the NCTA’s petition to the Commission.
On a related basis, we believe that a system should be employed to ensure that cases and controversies involving access to, and the costs of replacing, poles are resolved in an expeditious manner. Pole attachment issues are ripe for such treatment by virtue of the relatively limited universe of facts and analysis that may be determinative in related disputes. What’s more, a system already exists within the remit of the FCC to accomplish that objective in the form of Accelerated Docket Proceedings, which find resolution within 60 days.[9] The goal of closing the digital divide should not be subverted by largely superfluous procedural wrangling and, to that end, the Commission should direct staff to place more pole attachment disputes on the accelerated docket.
The changes proposed by NCTA are “just and reasonable” and, therefore, comport with the requirements of Section 224. Moreover, they also comport with sound economics, and will serve to further the timely deployment of broadband to all Americans. It is not every day that the FCC can undertake such seemingly small steps while having such an outsized impact on closing the digital divide.
[1] Petition of NCTA for Expedited Declaratory Ruling, In the Matter of Accelerating Wireline Broadband Deployment by Removing Barriers to Infrastructure Investment, WC Docket No. 17-84 (July 16, 2020), at 5-9, available at https://www.ncta.com/sites/default/files/2020-07/071620_17-84_NCTA_Petition_for_Declaratory_Ruling.pdf.
[2] Id.
[3] Id.
[4] RBB Economics, Cost Pass-through: Theory, Measurement, and Potential Policy Implications
A Report Prepared for the Office of Fair Trading 156-57 (Feb. 2014), available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads /attachment_data/file/320912/Cost_Pass-Through_Report.pdf. One reason for the wide variation of pass-through rates is the nature of competition and vertical arrangements that govern the relationship between upstream and downstream firms.
[5] Hearing Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on Oversight of the Federal Communications Commission, 114th Cong. (2015) (testimony of Commissioner Ajit Pai), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-114shrg98498/html/CHRG-114shrg98498.htm (Because of increased fees on broadband providers, “the reduction competition that Title II is going to work across this country, but especially in rural America, is going to be substantial. You’ve heard our exchanges about how some of these smaller ISPs, in particular, are going to have to either, you know, suck up the cost or go out of business altogether.”)
[6] See White House, President Donald J. Trump Is Unleashing America’s 5G Potential (Aug. 10, 2020), available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/b7riefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-unleashing-americas-5g-potential/ ; see also Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Why America Must Lead Again, Foreign Affairs (Mar./Apr. 2020), available at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-again
[7] 47 U.S.C. § 224 (2018).
[8] This is in contrast to the market demand for private goods, which is the horizontal summation of individual demand schedules.
[9] 47 C.F.R. § 1.736(a) (2018).
TOTM In the face of an unprecedented surge of demand for bandwidth as Americans responded to COVID-19, the nation’s Internet infrastructure delivered for urban and rural users alike. In . . .
In the face of an unprecedented surge of demand for bandwidth as Americans responded to COVID-19, the nation’s Internet infrastructure delivered for urban and rural users alike. In fact, since the crisis began in March, there has been no appreciable degradation in either the quality or availability of service. That success story is as much about the network’s robust technical capabilities as it is about the competitive environment that made the enormous private infrastructure investments to build the network possible.
Regulatory Comments ICLE submitted Comments to the Federal Communications Commission in Opposition to Petitions to Deny the T-Mobile-Sprint Merger. ICLE's comments argue that the petitions to deny fail to provide any compelling reason to adopt a presumption against this merger. To the contrary, there are good reasons to think that this transaction will benefit consumers and the economy.
Yesterday, ICLE submitted Comments to the Federal Communications Commission in Opposition to Petitions to Deny the T-Mobile-Sprint Merger. ICLE’s comments argue that the petitions to deny fail to provide any compelling reason to adopt a presumption against this merger. To the contrary, there are good reasons to think that this transaction will benefit consumers and the economy. The complete comments can be found here.
The conventional wisdom in opposition to the T-Mobile/Sprint merger has it that a competitive mobile market requires 4 national providers. But there are no economic grounds for this assertion; it’s basically an arbitrary number, offered up in order to squelch any further concentration in the industry.
As ICLE scholars discuss in these comments, increased concentration is not necessarily good or bad in itself–it depends on the circumstances. Increases in market concentration in the US mobile industry have historically been accompanied by dramatic increases in quality and reductions in price. And there are compelling reasons to believe that the merger of T-Mobile and Sprint will continue this trend.
A proper assessment of this transaction requires the Commission to account for the specific characteristics of the markets affected by the merger—including, most importantly, the dynamic, fast-moving nature of competition and the importance of high fixed costs of production and economies of scale. This is particularly important given the potential for the transaction to facilitate the launch of a competitive, national 5G network.
Opponents claim this merger takes us from four to three national carriers. But in terms of future investment in general, and the roll-out of 5G in particular, it does not; a better characterization is that it takes us from two to three national carriers investing to build out next-generation networks.
In the past, the capital expenditures made by AT&T and Verizon have dwarfed those of T-Mobile and Sprint. But New T-Mobile would be in a far better position to make the kinds of large-scale investments necessary to develop a nationwide 5G network. As a result, it is likely that both the urban-rural digital divide and the rich-poor digital divide will decline following the merger. And this investment will drive competition with AT&T and Verizon, leading to innovation, improving service and–over time–lowering the cost of access.
Indeed, the potential benefits of the deal—including wider access to, and more timely deployment of, high-speed wireless data at lower cost, as well as a host of other innovations—are considerable. In order to ensure that such consumer benefits can be realized, it is crucial that the proposed merger not be thwarted by regulators inappropriately focused on short-term, static effects.
TOTM I had the pleasure last month of hosting the first of a new annual roundtable discussion series on closing the rural digital divide through the University of Nebraska’s Space, Cyber, and Telecom Law Program. The purpose of the roundtable was to convene a diverse group of stakeholders for a discussion of the on-the-ground reality of closing the rural digital divide.
I had the pleasure last month of hosting the first of a new annual roundtable discussion series on closing the rural digital divide through the University of Nebraska’s Space, Cyber, and Telecom Law Program. The purpose of the roundtable was to convene a diverse group of stakeholders — from farmers to federal regulators; from small municipal ISPs to billion dollar app developers — for a discussion of the on-the-ground reality of closing the rural digital divide.
