The Obama Administration is advocating a privacy bill.  One provision will limit the use of data to the purpose for which it was collected unless a consumer gives permission for additional uses; another will give consumers increased rights to access information about themselves.

Both of these provisions may actually reduce safety of data online.  One additional purpose for which data can be used is to verify identity in cases where there is some doubt.  Many of us have had the experience of having a merchant call a credit card company and ask a series of questions to verify our identity.  This bill would apparently make that process more difficult.  This would lead either to increased inconvenience or increased risk.  This provision is enforced in Europe and there is some evidence that identity theft is more common there.

There is also a danger of allowing increased access to information.  A thief who obtains some information about a consumer may be able to use this to spoof   the system and obtain access to much more information, which will facilitate more harmful forms of theft.

The more fundamental issue is that there is no cost benefit analysis showing that any regulation is justified, as I showed in my previous post on this issue.

Filed under: privacy

As I mentioned in my previous post, there is a strong effort to regulate the use of information on the web in the name of “privacy.” The basic tradeoff that drives the web is that firms use information for advertising and other purposes,and in return consumers get lots of things free.  Google alone offers about 40 free services, including the original  search engine, gmail, maps, and the increasingly popular android operating system for mobile devices. Facebook is another set of free services. There are hundreds of others, all ultimately funded by advertising and the use of information.  Any effort to regulate information is going to change the terms at which these services are offered.

To justify regulation, two conditions must be met.  First there must be some market failure.  Second, there must be at least an expectation that the benefits of the proposed regulation will outweigh the costs.  In a market economy, we generally put the burden of proof on those proposing regulation, since the default assumption is that markets provide net benefits.  Proponents of regulating the use of information on the internet have met neither of these burdens.

One main justification for regulation is that people do not want to be tracked. I discussed this issue in my previous post.  Let me just add that, while people express a desire not to be tracked, in practice they seem quite willing to trade information for other services.  The other issue is identity theft — the possibility that information will be misused for illegitimate purposes.  Tom Lenard and I have written extensively about this issue. The bottom line, however, is that consumers are not liable for much if any of the costs of identity theft, and since firms must bear these costs there is no obvious market failure.

With respect to the second issue, there has been virtually no effort to undertake any cost benefit analysis of the proposed regulations.  However, if there were such an analysis, it is unlikely that regulations would be cost justified since the benefits of the free stuff are huge and the costs are small at best.  While it is conceivable that some tweaking would pass a cost-benefit test, it is very unlikely that any regulation which could get through the political process and then be administered by an agency such as the FTC would in fact pass this test.  Moreover, the proposed regulations, such as a “do not track” list or shifting from opt out to opt in are well beyond “tweaking” and might fundamentally change the terms of the tradeoff.

The bottom line is this:  Privacy advocates act as if privacy is free.  But increased privacy means reduced use of information, and no one has shown that altering the terms of this tradeoff would be beneficial to consumers.

Filed under: cost-benefit analysis, privacy Tagged: cost-benefit analysis, privacy

First I would like to thank Geoff Manne for inviting me to join this blog.  I know most of my fellow bloggers and it is a group I am proud to be associated with.

For my first few posts I am going to write about privacy.  This is a hot topic.  Senators McCain and Kerry are floating a privacy bill, and the FTC is also looking at privacy. I have written a lot about privacy (mostly with Tom Lenard of the Technology Policy Institute, where I am a senior fellow).

The issue of the day is “tracking.”  There are several proposals for “do not track” legislation and polls show that consumers do not want to be tracked.

The entire fear of being tracked is based on an illusion.  It is a deep illusion, and difficult or impossible to eliminate, but still an illusion.   People are uncomfortable with the idea that someone knows what they are doing.  (It is “creepy.”)  But in fact no person knows what you are doing, even if you are being tracked. Only a machine knows.

As humans, we have difficulty understanding that something can be “known” but nonetheless not known by anyone.   We do not understand that we can be “tracked” but that no one is tracking us.  That is, data on our searches may exist on a server somewhere so that the server “knows” it, but no human knows it.  We don’t intuitively grasp this concept because it it entirely alien to our evolved intelligence.

In my most recent paper (with Michael Hammock, coming out in Competition Policy International) we cite two books by Clifford Nass ( C. Nass & C. Yen, The Man Who Lied to His Laptop: What Machines Teach Us About Human Relationships (2010), and B. Reeves & C. Nass, The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places (1996, 2002).)  Nass and his coauthors show that people automatically treat intelligent machines like other people.  For example, if asked to fill out a questionnaire about the quality of a computer, they rate the machine higher if they are filling out the form on the computer being rated than if it on another computer — they don’t want to hurt the computer’s feelings.  Privacy is like that — people can’t adapt to the notion that a machine knows something. They assume (probably unconsciously) that if somethingis known then a person knows it, and this is why they do not like being tracked.

One final point about tracking.  Even if you are tracked, the purpose is to find out what you want and sell it to you.  Selling people things they want is the essence of the market economy, and if tracking does a better job of this, then it is helping the market function better, and also helping consumers get products that are a better fit.  Why should this make anyone mad?

Filed under: advertising, consumer protection, privacy, regulation, truth on the market Tagged: “do not track”, privacy, tracking

My good friend and coauthor John E. (Jack) Calfee died suddenly of a heart attack last month. He was bon in 1941 and was 69 years old.

Read the full piece here.